Typically, the big green resistor (RX1) is meant to drop the voltage from the battery to something the 7812 / LM 317 / etc (TO220 part next to it) regulator can handle.
The resistor is sized for the particular voltage range of the battery the controller is expected to be used with.
If you use too high a voltage, the current thru the resistor is higher than it should be, and it can get so hot that it burns out, or even melts solder from teh board where it's mounted (and the solder can then short out other things). But I don't see the usual signs of overheating there, so the resistor is probably ok. (but there may be some discoloration of the color bands on the resistor, as it is not completely clear what they are...that can be poor quality manufacturing with poor tint choices or overheating causing color change).
However, the higher voltage also then reaches the 7812 / LM 317 / etc , and can burn it out, which would mean you don't get any voltage at the caps you mentioned.
You can replace the 7812 / LM 317 / etc with a new one, but you'll also want to change the RX1 to a higher resistance. To find the correct value, divide the new voltage by the old one, then multiply that result with the present resistor value (which appears to be brown brown black (11 ohm) or orange orange brown (330 ohm). If you disconnect one end of the resistor from the board, you can measure what it is with an ohmmeter.
However...sometimes 7812s fail shorted from input to output, and if that happened here, the high input voltage will reach the "control chip" and other very low voltage parts, and damage or destroy them. (then if those parts fail shorted, they draw so much current thru the 7812 from the source that the 7812 itself usually fails completely, opening the circuit--in the process the resistor usually gets hot enough to discolor, but not always).
You won't know if this has happened until you replace the 7812 and resistor, and retest.