I'm not certain, but I think at those temps you'll need some way to heat the cells before charging them, regardless of chemistry, presuming the battery will be built onto the bike and not taken inside whenever not actually being ridden at that moment.
During riding, the actual riding will warm them up some, though at those temps they'll all sag a lot in voltage, and not have nearly the power output they would under "normal" conditions. To prevent that, you'd need to heat them up first to something like normal room temperatures.
So your best bet to have a well-performing pack under those conditions is probably to use whichever chemistry you feel best for the system for whatever other reasons, and then setup a heating system that is connected to the charger's AC input. Then build the charger into the bike, with a temperature control so the sensors inside the battery pack prevent the charger from being able to charge the batteries until they are at the right temperature range for charging at the rate the charger is set to. If theres a chance it could overheat the pack, you would add thermal breakers in the power line to the heaters, built into the pack itself, so that they break the connection before it's too hot, then reconnect when it cools down.
So you plug it in, and it heats it up (whcih will take a while, probably several hours, at those temepratures, as you don't want really hot heaters, just enough to keep it all warm), then charges them and the heaters stay on all the time it's plugged in, keeping it ready to ride.
If the pack is well-insulated, it'll stay warm thru the whole ride.