A fuse is rated for a certain voltage to ensure that the current flow at the time it blows can't force it's way across the gap and continue flowing, arcing (basically like a welder) and potentially causing a fire at the fuseholder, as well as failing to protect all the stuff that's past the fuse (the reason for the fuse being there).
So while the lower voltage fuse may work (under many circumstances, it will), it isn't guaranteed to.
A 48v battery (13s) is typically fully charged under 53v, so a fuse rated for at least that voltage or higher is typically ok for this setup. Higher voltage rating is "always" better, to ensure the fuse will definitely block the current path when it blows.
Regarding the Amp rating of a fuse, that's the current above which it will blow after a certain amount of time (you'd need to look at that manufacturer's fuse rating chart for that specific fuse to know for sure what that will be, but it's typically around 30 seconds).
You usualy want to rate the fuse high enough that you'd never blow it under any normal usage, but that if something went wrong (shorted battery wires, etc) it would blow quickly.
A 500w 48v system is usually around 10A max current, so a 30A fuse should be fine for any normal load.