Electric vehicles vs Climate Change

neptronix said:
Seeing that we are at the peak ( or maybe a bit past ) of population and no massive geothermal events are occurring.. i think you would be foolish to think that we weren't the cause.

I am comforted by the fact that you can safely predict no geothermal events in the near future...you should auction the crystal ball,..its worth a fortune !
since the human contribution to "greenhouse " gas production is much less than 1% of the total, i would be considered foolish to think we are the cause !
 
You have a great point, but at our rate of population growth, the problem can only get exponentially worse.

Also, extracting the coal and oil we are using for everything is extremely ruinous to the environment. Nukes, strip mining, fracking, etc etc. is not all peachy keen.

The greenhouse effect caused by our rapid burn of all the energy we can find is only part of a series of problems.

We still need to get off of oil, coal, nat gas, etc. because the drilling we are doing now is desperate. The only alternative here in the United States is to rely on Saudi Arabia 100%. So instead we tear up our own land for the precious energy.

Electric cars get us closer to being energy independent, and can cut down on pollution pretty well. And they are also the only form of transport that can be powered by 0 carbon input / output fuel ( solar, wind, geothermal, tidal, hydroelectric etc. )

Alas i am not for cars at all, they are the lesser of the evils.. an electric bike can use 1/10th to 1/5th the energy to do the same job. Why haul 3000lbs of metal to transport a 100-300lb person.
 
by the way, legendlength, you cannot consider the carbon output of an electric car and not consider the carbon output of processing oil, which is very carbon intensive, especially in the United States where most of our oil comes from bitumen/shale/oil sands, which requires a lot of processing to turn into oil ( figure i saw on wikipedia said that 1 KJ is used to produce 6J of oil from that stuff )

Also what is the carbon cost of burning heavy oil with no emissions controls to ship the stuff that Canada/Mexico can't provide from halfway around the world?

The carbon output of cars before the pump has to be considered as well.
 
Does anybody know where to find some accurate numbers on the amount of pollution produced by 2-stroke lawnmowers? I know there are a lot more cars around than lawn mowers, and mowers might only be used for 20 minutes a week/9-months out of the year, but...It seems to me that enforcing clean mowers might actually help the air be cleaner than enforcing even more stringent car pollution standards.

Just a guess, I have no data, and I'm hoping someone already has a link from a credible resource...
 
The Earth is a wibbly wobbly spinning top traveling in an ellipse around a wibbly wobbly star with other wibbly wobbly objects circling them. Anyone who knows ANYTHING about chaos theory realizes the Earth is constantly undergoing climate change. Sometimes there will be extremes in climate occurring naturally, sometimes things will happen to cause sudden short term shift. Human existence is a sudden short term event.
 
The Earth is a wibbly wobbly spinning top traveling in an ellipse around a wibbly wobbly star with other wibbly wobbly objects circling them. Anyone who knows ANYTHING about chaos theory realizes the Earth is constantly undergoing climate change. Sometimes there will be extremes in climate occurring naturally, sometimes things will happen to cause sudden short term shift. Human existence is a sudden short term event.
 
I have had a hard time finding that out, spinningmagnets.
But i do know the following things for sure:

1. 4 strokes are around 25% more fuel efficient, thus a bunch of unburned/partially burned exhaust is coming out of a 2 stroke motor.

http://www.outboard-motors-and-boating-geraldton.com/support-files/fuel-efficiency.pdf
http://continuouswave.com/ubb/Forum4/HTML/003630.html

2. 2 strokes burn oil as well, since they don't have a proper lubrication system like 4 strokes do. I think the ideal mix is 20:1, so that's not a lot of oil burned... but that's still bad, and the burned matter in the exhaust is easily visible on larger motors. Ever seen a really old car burning oil before? a 2 stroke does that constantly.

3. Catalytic converters convert around 90% of the nasty emissions of a gas engine into ones that are much more inert ( nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, etc. )

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_converter#Three-way

Only reason i bring up #3 is because most 2 stroke motors don't have catalytic converters. If we are comparing the emissions to a car, the difference is gigantic. A little 50cc 2 stroke will put out more of the nasty uncatalyzed emissions ( carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxide, etc ) than a car with a catalytic converter.

http://www.stihl.com/isapi/default....ucttechnics/stihlengines/2_stroke/default.htm

the catalytic converter additionally reduces the unburned constituents in the exhaust gas, thus reducing hydrocarbon emissions by up to 80%


So the only justification i can think of a 2 stroke is... you need a ton of power in a small space with low weight.

2 strokes put out significantly more power than a 4 stroke but environmentally they are pretty bad.
 
Now you are mixing up separate issues ...
.. Climate change (the original issue)
...greenhouse gasses
..pollution
.. wibbily wobbly balls of rock !
..lawn mowers ? :lol:

PS: most modern 2 strokes ( all those little scooters, boat outboard's etc) ..use DI fuel injection and are cleaner than most 4 strokes !
If you really want to finger a polluting vehicle engine, have a look at most of the diesel trucks coughing out all forms of particles and gasses . :cry:
 
neptronix said:
by the way, legendlength, you cannot consider the carbon output of an electric car and not consider the carbon output of processing oil [...]

I assume it's part of the 20 grams i used for the calculation:

LegendLength said:
[...] according to http://www.world-nuclear.org/education/ ... veco2.html) , power stations output 20 grams per kilowatt hour.

but the link doesn't give much info on the basis of the 20 grams. I'd like to know a real figure if you have one because I'm after an accurate figure for carbon output of electric vehicles (which nobody has helped with in 3 pages of bickering :)).
 
I'm after an accurate figure for carbon output of electric vehicles

Trying to get an accurate figure is practically impossible when you can use any combination of hydro/solar/wind/nuclear/gas/diesel/biodiesel/ethanol/biogas/coal/hydrogen/propane/natural gas/coal/wood/woodgas/etc.

It depends on the source of energy and the efficiency/cleanliness of the generator(s).
 
Weathermen can't make accurate predictions 2 weeks into the future, yet people are believing their decades out predictions within a couple of degrees. They even had to change the name, since it wasn't actually getting warmer. Come on, we already had this discussion. Of course the climate is changing. It always has and always will.

Going electric will have no effect on the weather.
 
http://www.greenvehicleguide.gov.au has a estimate of the CO2 produced when recharging an electric car from the grid.

From the home page click on Search,
Tick the box for "Emissions From Recharging and Fuel Production" and select your State.

Select "Vehicle Class" and select "All vehicles" to get you started.
and then "Search"

You should get something that looks like this,
g-per-km.JPG

Tasmania is mostly hydro power, so has lower CO2,
Victoria is mostly brown coal generation and higher CO2.

So going by this a Mitsubishi i MiEV and a Toyota Yaris are similar for Urban use in terms of CO2 produced.

Greg
 
New cars are suprisingly clean-running. Even though there are many more cars in use than lawn-mowers, my mower comments were written to cause some discussion about other polluters where actual improvements can be readily had.

I am of the impression that the cargo-ships operating today are the worst polluters by a big margin, and I am looking for reliable data to either verify or refute that idea. A few dozen cargo ships spew more pollution that millions of cars (per year of operation).

If, for the sake of argument, I accept the possibility that man-made carbon footprints are dooming us, I believe that trying to make cars greener than they are right now, is like forcing a fat person to lose weight by getting a haircut and trimming their fingernails (towards the goal of making them healthier).
 
Good grief, the amount of misinformation in this thread is staggering, especially from people I normally consider to be well informed.

liveforphysics said:
You are aware we had a "global-cooling" scare 30 years earlier?
You are aware the earth is substantially cooler now than 500 years ago?
You are aware that 'scientific-data' has a way of following the concerns of the folks funding it?
You are aware that 'climate change' concerns give folks funding the research massive power/control?

Follow the money/power.

The global-cooling scare was from a single article in Time magazine, and they even misquoted the scientists involved. At the time, the global warming greenhouse effect was pretty well established, but there was also clear data that particulate pollution (mostly soot) was causing 'global dimming'. There was a debate about which effect would end up being stronger, and a grand total of 3 guys felt the cooling pollution was gonna win. Time magazine decided to gin up some controversy and ran a headline about the "Coming Ice Age!!!!!". Idiocy, but what do you expect from Time? A survey of actual scientific papers from the 70s will demonstrate this quite clearly, but you have to ignore the sensationalist news media and focus on the real science. Btw, in the mean time, we've drastically reduced the amount of aerosol and soot pollution, so the global dimming effect has stopped masking the opposite warming effect from greenhouse gasses.

The earth is in a mild cooling phase, based on the orbital cycles that cause the periodic ice ages. Those forces are 6,000 years into a 23,000 year cooling cycle. However, all this was rudely interrupted about 200 years ago, and the current planet-wide temperature is far above anything we've seen for thousands of years. Yes, that includes the warm spell experienced in northern europe about 500 years ago. Claiming that we are now cooler than 500 years ago is clearly false, it's just a widely repeated lie. The 2000s is the warmest decade on record, the 1990s is the previous warmed decade ever, the 1980s was the hottest decade before that.

The scientific data doesn't follow anything but the data. That's why it's 'data'. The conclusions, however, are often subject to human bias. But that's exactly why the scientific process exists: to minimize the effect of human bias. That scientific process includes a great deal of testing and re-testing, and as the available data grows so does the certainty of the conclusions reached. And the National Academy of Sciences has verified that over 97% of publishing climate scientists accept that global warming is real and primarily caused by human actions. These are they guys who study the data on a daily basis, and know it inside out. Since scientists are inherently skeptical, that means that the current data is extremely robust in supporting the current conclusions. And anyone who wants to bet against 97% of scientific experts in their own field deserves the title of crackpot, and nothing less.

There is massive amount of money to be lost by some very wealthy companies and individuals if climate change is real, and those people are willing to spend craploads of money trying to find evidence that climate change isn't real. Look at the spending from Exxon and the Koch brothers, for example. They've failed utterly, every additional piece of evidence has supported the existing understanding of climate science, not overturned it. And the budgets of these large corporations simply dwarf the budgets of the university and government agencies that do the majority of the real work of climate science. Even more interesting is the fact that a scientist doesn't win the Nobel Prize for following the herd, they win it for going against the herd. Fame and glory belong to the guy who can provide a coherent argument against climate change, but the best they ever achieve is lies and distortions.
 
John in CR said:
Weathermen can't make accurate predictions 2 weeks into the future, yet people are believing their decades out predictions within a couple of degrees. They even had to change the name, since it wasn't actually getting warmer.

Again, pure misinformation. Climate is not weather. Weather is hard to predict 2 days in advance. But you can predict the average temperature of an entire month to 0.1 degrees with a staggering degree of accuracy. And climate change is focused on longer terms than a month, generally nobody talks about anything less than 5 year averages.

No, nobody changed the name. Global warming absolutely exists, and is getting stronger every year. But global warming isn't evenly distributed, it's adding energy into a chaotic system. So global warming causes localized climate change. Some areas will get wetter, some will get drier. Some places may see colder winters, but that's directly caused by warmer temperatures elsewhere on the globe re-directing regional weather patterns. There's simply no question that it's getting warmer globally, anyone who says otherwise is spreading a lie.
 
liveforphysics said:
Water vapor constitutes Earth's most significant greenhouse gas, accounting for about 95% of Earth's greenhouse effect (5). Interestingly, many "facts and figures' regarding global warming completely ignore the powerful effects of water vapor in the greenhouse system, carelessly (perhaps, deliberately) overstating human impacts as much as 20-fold.

You've got one fact almost right, but completely missed the important part. Yes, water vapor is the strongest component of our current greenhouse effect, but 95% is overstating it by a bit, it's probably closer to 75%. But the important thing to remember is that there is a virtually unlimited source of water that can evaporate and saturate the atmosphere. The limiting factor for water vapor is therefore temperature. As it gets hotter, more water can be suspended in the atmosphere, this is basic physics and trivially understood, nobody is ever ignoring this. But water can enter and exit the atmosphere in hours: If you magically dried up the atmosphere instantly, it would be back at it's current moisture content within a week. Carbon dioxide, on the other hand, takes centuries to enter and exit the atmosphere.

So what happens is a very simple feedback effect. Small amounts of carbon dioxide are added to the atmosphere at a rate faster than the earth is naturally removing it, so the concentrations rise. Higher concentrations cause a mild warming. The mild warming immediately pushes more water vapor into the atmosphere, and that additional water vapor causes additional warming. More warming pushes yet more water vapor into the atmosphere, causing even more warming. This simple feedback means that a small amount of carbon dioxide has it's net impact magnified. Water vapor is not an external force on the system, it's just part of the overall feedback system.

There's not a climate scientist on the planet who is unaware of this trivial fact, it's about as basic as a physicist understanding F=ma. Water vapor is an integral part of all warming calculations, and the effect is directly incorporated into every single calculation they do.

And yes, the raw output of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere by humans is dwarfed by the natural emitters. However, the earth naturally removes only a certain amount of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and we've now exceeded that rate. So human activity is directly responsible for increasing concentrations globally, even if our raw emission levels are relatively small. We pushed the input side higher than the output side can handle, and the results are trivially easy to measure.
 
I suppose, since I'm jumping in here, I should chime in on the original topic of this thread:

LegendLength said:
Could it really be true that electric vehicles use 1/20th of the carbon that a normal car uses? If it is 1/20 and not 1/100, that would imply users will pay around 2,000 USD in electricity per year.

That 1/20th number sounds very suspicious. I know I've read the comprehensive evaluation recently, but don't recall the link. But the short answer is that an electric car currently has less than half the net carbon impact as a gas car, probably close to 1/3rd, assuming similar driving patterns and the current electrical grid. And that's including both manufacture and operation costs, so it's for the full lifecycle. There's a big benefit to not carrying around the entire fuel burning portion of the energy chain. A stationary gas turbine providing power for a city simply has a much higher thermodynamic efficiency than a portable gas engine, and it's easier to clean up a single smokestack than thousands of exhaust pipes.

There's also a big benefit from electrical vehicles as the electrical grid changes composition. As wind/solar/geothermal/biofuel/tidal sources are added into the energy mix, the grid and this all electrical vehicles automatically become greener.

However, transportation only consumes something like 1/4 of the total energy use by humans. So even if all vehicles instantly went electric, and the grid providing for those vehicles was instantly green, there's a great deal of additional energy to worry about, and the corresponding greenhouse pollution.

Edit: found the chart of energy use for the US in 2009:
https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/content/energy/energy_archive/energy_flow_2009/LLNL_US_Energy_Flow_2009.png
Looks like transportation is ~27%, but look at all that wasted energy! If electric vehicles cut that waste just in half, we've made a big impact.

Another edit: Here's some well-to-wheels analysis from MIT:
http://web.mit.edu/evt/summary_wtw.pdf
From these analyses, EVs have been shown to reduce energy consumption by up to
50% and GHG emissions by up to 60%.
 
According to Carbonfund.org...
On average, electricity sources emit 1.297 lbs CO2 per kWh (0.0005883 metric tons CO2 per kWh). State CO2 emissions per kWh may vary greatly in accordance with the amount of clean energy in the energy supply (Vermont, Idaho: .03 lbs/kWh; North Dakota: 2.24 lbs/kWh).

588 grams per kWh is a lot more than 20 grams per kWh. :?

Assuming 1.297lbs CO2 per kWh, a Nissan Leaf driven 20k miles (consuming 34 kWh per 100 miles) will use 6800kWh and emit about 8819lbs of CO2.
Last month my family/house used 33kWh per day, and if we maintained that average for a year we would use 12045kWh and emit about 15,622lbs of CO2.

My electricity costs 10.4¢/kWh so 20k miles in the Leaf would cost $707 and we'd spend $1252 on the house.

If gas was $3.75 and your vehicle got 35mpg you'd spend $2143 to go 20k miles. :shock:
 
REdiculous said:
According to Carbonfund.org...
On average, electricity sources emit 1.297 lbs CO2 per kWh (0.0005883 metric tons CO2 per kWh). State CO2 emissions per kWh may vary greatly in accordance with the amount of clean energy in the energy supply (Vermont, Idaho: .03 lbs/kWh; North Dakota: 2.24 lbs/kWh).

588 grams per kWh is a lot more than 20 grams per kWh. :?

Ahh thank you. It makes a lot more sense with that figure.
 
No problem. :D

Also on that site I linked...
Unleaded gasoline has 8.87 kg (19.56 lbs) of CO2 per gallon.

Assuming 35mpg and 20k miles, a gas car would emit 11,177lbs of CO2...2358lbs more than the Leaf.

Not a huge difference, imo, but it's not nothing. :wink:

edit; I didn't consider the CO2-cost to extract the oil, transport it, refine it and transport the gas so if anyone knows where to get an average for that it would be much appreciated. :)
 
Most of those who profess not to believe in global warming, or mankind's contribution to it, do so as an act of hiding their heads in the sand, with the justification that they can claim support of some science and many journalists. What the consequences will be (assuming no other natural or unnatural disaster overwhelms us first) and when the chickens come home to roost are questions that interest me: it is clear to me that the massive scale burning of fossil fuels will continue until they are all gone.
Anyway - the popular petrolhead comment about electric vehicles is "where does the electricity come from - burning fossil fuels that's where". It's an interesting line which lies at the heart of what is good about electric vehicles.

If you take a gallon of petrol (gas) and burn it in a power station to turn a generator to produce the electricity:-
the motor (ICE) will be run at optimum efficiency (wide open throttle, high revs) and will achieve, say 35% efficiency
generation, distribution,will lose 10% or so on the way to the wall socket of your house.
Battery charging and discharging lose another ~20% or so
The motor is 90% efficient, say the converter in the car is the same - total of about 20% of the chemical energy in the petrol comes out of the motor shaft as mechanical power.

If you take the same gallon of petrol and burn it using the same ICE in a car:-
peak efficiency is the same - 35%. Unfortunately average efficiency is always disastrously lower than this - in cities in particular it can be below 1%; generally even a good diesel won't exceed 10% under the best real world conditions.

Result: electric vehicle will take you 2x to 20x as far on the same amount of fuel as an ICE car.
Note: all the numbers above were just made up by me to support my point of view - I think they're generally in the right ball park ;^)
By the way, I generally get extremely good mileage from my diesel car (ranges from 60mpg in summer to <50mpg in winter - it's a diesel mondeo) I keep an eye on the mpg display on the dash. What really hits economy (apart from driving like a nob) is traffic jams. Other traffic is bad but 10 minutes in a queue is awful.....
 
Just as an FYI-

Many NA racing engines are between 35-40% efficient. Over endurance races like Le Mans, it's not uncommon for a team to have a total fuel into mechanical work moving the car efficiency over 25%. But yes, you're right, due largely to emmisions rules, our commuter cars commonly do have very poor efficiency. (<5-10%)

The best ship diesels get 50-54% efficiency (always very low-speed high compression bunker-fuel burners).




However... None of this makes a lick of difference in the big picture. :)
Water vapor. That's the big one. Fortunately it's also pretty well buffered.
Things change, things are changing, and things always have been changing for long before humans were figuring out how to burn things.

Adapt to the changes.
Things that can't adapt die.
It's a dynamic process that we play an insignificant roll in.
 
Water vapor. That's the big one. Fortunately it's also pretty well buffered.

I don't get it. Care to elaborate?..

All I really know about water vapor is from 5th grade; cumulous clouds and all that. Where I live clouds=cold and rainy. *shrug*
 
REdiculous said:
Water vapor. That's the big one. Fortunately it's also pretty well buffered.

I don't get it. Care to elaborate?..

All I really know about water vapor is from 5th grade; cumulous clouds and all that. Where I live clouds=cold and rainy. *shrug*

Here's a fuller explanation about water vapor from an actual publishing climate scientist, with actual numbers taken from published research papers:
http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2005/04/water-vapour-feedback-or-forcing/

The claim that water vapor is ignored by climate scientists is clearly false, and has never been even remotely close to the truth. In fact, if you do a search just at the RealClimate site, you'll find that water vapor is discussed quite frequently. This is what's called a zombie lie, it gets repeated over and over, and facts never seem to be able to kill it permanently.

The essence of the issue is that atmospheric water vapor and carbon dioxide are both greenhouse gasses. (A greenhouse gas scatters longwave radiation, slowing the transfer of heat from the planet to space.) But water vapor enters and exits the atmosphere extremely rapidly, and it's concentrations are controlled almost entirely by the temperature of the atmosphere. So when a small increase in temperature is caused by a gas such as carbon dioxide, it immediately forces more water vapor into the atmosphere. That additional water vapor causes more warming, forcing additional water vapor into the atmosphere. The water vapor isn't controlling the temperature (it's not a 'forcing'), but it's magnifying the strength of the effect caused by other changes (it's a 'feedback'). Gasses such as carbon dioxide and methane, on the other hand, are very long-lived in our atmosphere, so a small change in concentrations, multiplied by fast feedbacks such as the water vapor cycle, can cause a significant change in the thermodynamic balance of the planet.
 
Come on deniers - where are your "facts" to disprove MikeB?

What I don't know if why its the older age group who cant believe the science - those that have benefited and have the experience of all the science which has created our current lifestyle. And most of the worst effect of rising average temperatures will be ramping up at the end of their lives - so why do they keep actively distorting the obvious? Who is going to benefit from that?

Fundamentally, how can there be no consequence to releasing stored energy and carbon, which took millions of years to form/sequester, in a few short centuries, at the same time that the human population has exploded (because of access to all that stored energy)
 
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