I haven't dealt with those particular parts, but in every gearbox with a clutch/release lever I have seen so far, it's in the gearbox, and it just moves one of the gears sideways on the shaft so it no longer engages. Also, on all of those I've seen, the gear that is released is on the output shaft, so that there is no gearing resistance at all when it is released.
I expect that you'd either need to tinker with the controller for anything other than the original voltage range, or replace it. The few mobility controllers I have taken apart have varied significantly in complexity, but all had some way of cutting off for overvoltage as well as undervoltage, and the parts generally were not good for more than 30-35V (sometimes 50V on caps). For instance, there wasnt' something like the LM317 we have in ebike cotnrollers making a low-voltage supply off the pack, but rather nearly all the stuff inside ran right off the 24V pack, with a 7805 or 7812 for things that didn't. Some of these things are pretty complex inside, microcontroller-operated, and programmable if you have the hardware and software to do it (possibly not available outside the factory and any authorized service centers for the mobility scooter in question). But I doubt that programmability includes operation at other than the original voltage range.
Mostly, I think the reason is that the things need to be bulletproof, and one way to protect stuff better is to put limits in it that unfortunatley also keep the average person from overvolting/etc.