Hmmm, I'm not really sure if there's any one who's actually interested in learning about the money system and economics here, so I'm going to minimize my efforts and keep this pretty simple.
Here's a primer.
Fractional reserve banking tutorial:
[youtube]Ov2Sd-QRi_g[/youtube]
Here's a good more-comprehensive explanation of the system:
[youtube]k6zpfE7WjHI[/youtube]
The salient points are.
-New money is created by issuing debt. Whenever a bank makes a loan (mortgage, student, credit card,etc.), the money is printed out of thin air. There are limits to this of course (They can only issue out debt up to 90% of the deposits, that coming from savings accounts, checking accounts and CDs, mainly.).
-Money is "destroyed" when debt is paid back.
-Defaulting on the debt doesn't destroy the money
created. Instead, the debt is written off
and assuming the debt is secured, repossession of the security happens (whether that be a house, car, business equipment,etc.). Notice, since the money was created out of thin air to begin with, the bank doesn't lose money when the default happens. Instead it loses an "income opportunity" from the interest that would've been generated on the debt that was defaulted on. Of course, when the bank sells the property, it generates cash that can be used to create more money out of thin air from whatever is in excess of the principal.
Check out what happened to the M2 money supply (Includes cash, deposits and loans) when massive amounts of defaults happened thru 2007-2011:
That's right, nothing. The money just went somewhere else. Conversely, as the fed started printing money, the pace in the increase of the money supply begins to increase a little...
The bullet points above have interesting implications.
In an everyday situation were Sally loans $50 to Billy, if Billy doesn't pay Sally back, Sally loses $50. But if Billy were to borrow $50 from a bank and not pay it back, the bank doesn't lose money because it was printed to begin with, but it does lose a money earning opportunity as it has to maintain a reserve ratio between its liabilities(Loans, including outstanding and defaulted loans) and deposits. So, this generates an interesting question, who's taking the "risk"/"potential cost" of default? It's not the bank, it's everyone as money creation expands the money supply creating inflation. That is, fractional reserve banking is a way of transferring the risk/cost of loan making from the bank to greater society at large via inflation, but yet the bank earns money back on the interest.
Assuming that defaults never happened and banks paid back no interest on savings accounts, bonds and CDs, 100% of all money in existence (including cash and one & zeros in people's accounts) would belong to a debt somewhere.
However, when defaults happen, the money associated with the principal is no longer tied to a debt. That money is essentially "free from the debt system" in the money supply. Of course, for most loans, the banks try to repossess the property used to secure the loan, sell it and get the money back under their control so they can continue making money on the interest associated with that money.
When too much of that happens, the banking system gets pretty irritated by that as much of the money in the system no longer belongs "to the banks" and when the housing prices plummeted, there was no way the banking system could begin to reclaim their share of the money supply (selling a house with a $300,000 mortgage for $100,000 still leaves $200,000 free-floating in the money supply; this is a major reason why a good percentage of underwater mortgages didn't immediately get foreclosed on and the banks instead waited until housing demand picked up; if you research online, you'll see that foreclosure rates have recently been picking up in lockstep with higher housing demand). So, what they did this time to remedy that was to print up a bunch of money and give it to the financial elites, including the big Wall Street banks who own ~25% of the stock market, to regain their concentration of wealth in the money supply. There is no way that they can actually control 100% of the money that they lost, but at least they could get back their percentage of the money supply that was under their control. Of course, this printing of money transfers the loss on to the people via inflation. Notice how they use this money printing technique in both quantitative easing and ordinary fractional reserve banking to transfer the risk/cost to greater society at large via inflation? That's no accident. That's the way the financial system was engineered.
Now, if people actually understood this... Here's what Henry Ford thought would happen...
Henry Ford said:
It is well enough that people of the nation do not understand our banking and monetary system, for if they did, I believe there would be a revolution before tomorrow morning.
Now onto economics.
A simple way to think about industries/markets is that when there is more money in a market, things in that market become pricier.
-When there was more federal loan money in the college market, tuition became pricier and increased the average student debt load.
-When there was more money in the technology stocks during the dot-com bubble, tech stocks were really pricey.
-When there was more investment money in the real state industry around 2000-2006, real estate prices were pricier. When the investment money left, real estate crashed and housing prices significantly deflated. (The average decline in value was 60% on the coasts; the losses were less pronounced in non-coastal regions, presumably because housing demand is higher on the coasts. Better climate, better scenery, etc.)
-when the money from real estate left and flowed into the commodities, commodity prices became pretty pricey.
Investment money significantly influences the prices in markets. When money flows in, assets become pricier. When it flows out, assets become less costly.
US real estate prices:
Real estate investment money in the shadow banking system:
Notice how the two coincide in the freefall of 2006-2007? As the investment money flows out, prices fall...
Now let's look at some commodities.
Weird, huh? The money flows out of real estate in 2006 and money flows into copper the same year, 2006.
That can't be the case for other commodities can it?
Now it's a little less clearcut here (oil is a special commodity, as there are peak oil fears and the such around it, so there's going to be market panics to go along with it) but notice how the price stays consistently high after the temporary crash to "only 40 dollars" in 2008?
Seems like iron commodities have the same trend...
Isn't it weird how these different markets seem to significantly change in price right about the same time?
That's right, investment money flowing out from one market flows into others, and you can see this in the price trends. That is, just by looking at prices, you can get a good idea of how much money is in the market.