John in CR's monocoque composite frame build log

Gordo said:
I'm sure you know 3 bucked rivets are equal to 5 of the best pop rivets money can buy.

Absolutely, but the kit aircraft market demand is for easy one person construction, and although bucked rivets can be fitted in most places, another pair of hands is often required to hold the buck inside awkward bits of structure. Most of the time the rivets aren't the limiting factor in sheet metal work, anyway, you need far more rivets to get the joint strength up than would be apparent from the rivet strength, because of the bearing stress limits of the rivet holes in the sheet material, particularly when you subject the structure to frequent load changes/reversals.

John,

Sorry to hear about the pipe problem, makes me realise how lucky we are here to have reliable water, power etc. I'd be totally screwed if the water went off for more than a day or so, and pretty much the same if we lost power.

Looking forward to seeing the finished build though - what motor are you going for?

Jeremy
 
Big relief, they got the repair done, and water returned last night. When I heard the damaged tube was related to a bridge's structural damage, I believed the week or more estimates. We're talking about a pipe sending water to water treatment plants supplying almost a million people, so I can only imagine the size. The damage must not have been too bad. Infrastructure is actually pretty good here. Costa Rica hasn't had a military, so they spent $ on schools and infrastructure, while other countries wasted time, money, and people in rebellions and wars. The effect over decades resulted in a night and day difference compared to the neighbor to the north, Nicaragua. Of course Uncle Sam having their back did enable it.

The power does go off pretty frequently, but that's typically blown transformers, which I attribute to overloading local grids from fast growth. Water, phones, electricity, and health care are all nationalized, though they do have private hospitals too. People are friendly and peaceful in general, and the climate is great. You can even fine tune the climate you want by moving to a different location, because even here in the 20 mile long few mile wide central valley there are a number of distinct micro climates. Find me a place in the world with a better climate and I'll move there.

In 36 hours we got as much rain as in the entire 6 months of rainy season, so I'm surprised there wasn't much more damage.

John
 
Jeremy Harris said:
....Looking forward to seeing the finished build though - what motor are you going for?
Jeremy

I've got a bit a flooding cleanup to do and it's back to the bike. I'm up in the air still about a motor. I've got a new even more powerful scooter hub I want to try. I just picked up an X5304. Then there's going for a 2wd option too, using 2 of my big hubbies. Plus I'm still considering some out of wheel options such as:

1. The ventilated 9C I've modded for the purpose of going to 130V nominal and 70A with a gear down to 40mph max.
2. Run a pair of Kollmorgans in parallel with exterior controllers
3. Finish the work to run a motor from a geared hubmotor in a ventilated housing (that lower section of the frame) using a chain reduction instead of the sealed route with planetary gears that is so thermally limited.

I'm realizing I should build 2 or 3 bikes instead of just one. I'll have plenty of batteries in the near future, and each additional bike will reduce the per bike work if I build them in parallel. I think with just slight mods to the shape that I can hide even a hubmotor in the lower section, while retaining tons of battery space, all at very little weight gain to the frame itself. Here's a quick drawing that thickens up the top section and bottom section, and at the end I think I can retain much of the sleekness of the original using multiple colors:
Monocoque Frame drawing B.JPG
 
John in CR said:
Costa Rica hasn't had a military, so they spent $ on schools and infrastructure, while other countries wasted time, money, and people in rebellions and wars. The effect over decades resulted in a night and day difference compared to the neighbor to the north Nicaragua.
It's always interesting to see what happens in countries that are put in this position for whatever reason. Another great example is Japan. Different reason, I think (I'm not familiar with why Costa Rica doesn't have a military), but if anything, imo, a more impressive outcome. It makes you wonder what the world would be like if more countries could do a similar thing. Heck, the US spent over $663 billion on our armed forces last year...imagine what could have been done with that money if it could be used elsewhere.
 
Starting on 2nd and 3rd frames today, so once I get to the epoxy/glassing point I can do the messy work once for 3 bikes. I'm going a slightly different route and use only 1/8"x1/2" flat steel. One will be for the 2wd, so I want it stronger. The other will be for non-hub drive with a larger bottom section to cover even a large hub motor. I'll get extra strength without too much weight gain using the 1/2" by adding 3 extra primary strips to the basic outline like this.
Monocoque Frame drawing C for half inch.JPG

Then the same amount of metal in the reinforcing triangles will add greater strength by doubling the triangles and reducing their size. I'm toying with the idea of doing one of them as triangle beams like used on cranes for the top and down tubes and cover it in aluminum sheet. Is riveting AL sheet to a steel frame a big no-no? I should have gone the engineering route so I'd know all this stuff, and could reasonably compute how little steel I can get away with for these builds since I'm willing to put in the extra welding time.

John
 
John in CR said:
Is riveting AL sheet to a steel frame a big no-no? John

As long as you insulate the alloy from the steel it'll be fine, John. Whenever we made joints like this on aircraft, the standard procedure was to assemble the parts 'wet', using zinc chromate paste (often referred to as 'gorilla snot' by maintenance and repair techs). You should be able to get the stuff locally, I'd have thought, but if not you should be able to buy it online. The brand I've used for years is called Duralac, it comes in tins, or more usefully in tubes, like toothpaste, and is easy to just smear on the mating faces before you rivet them up. As well as being used in the aircraft industry, it's also used a lot in boatbuilding, wherever dissimilar metals have to be bolted together.

Jeremy
 
Thanks Jeremy. Maybe I should stick with the balsa and plywood. As soon as marine or aviation get mentioned the price of something always at least triples. :D
 
John in CR said:
Thanks Jeremy. Maybe I should stick with the balsa and plywood. As soon as marine or aviation get mentioned the price of something always at least triples. :D

Darn, I guess you won't like my idea for an electric seaplane then.. :mrgreen:
 
Jeremy Harris said:
John in CR said:
Is riveting AL sheet to a steel frame a big no-no? John

As long as you insulate the alloy from the steel it'll be fine, John. Whenever we made joints like this on aircraft, the standard procedure was to assemble the parts 'wet', using zinc chromate paste (often referred to as 'gorilla snot' by maintenance and repair techs). You should be able to get the stuff locally, I'd have thought, but if not you should be able to buy it online. The brand I've used for years is called Duralac, it comes in tins, or more usefully in tubes, like toothpaste, and is easy to just smear on the mating faces before you rivet them up. As well as being used in the aircraft industry, it's also used a lot in boatbuilding, wherever dissimilar metals have to be bolted together.

Jeremy

Could grease or one of the loctite variants be substituted in place of the Duralac Jeremy? Am i correct in assuming if aluminium has been anodized
electrolytic corrosion less of a concern when 'mating' the ali and steel? Or should insulating still be implemented.

KiM
 
Why use two dissimilar metals? Use thinner steel for the same strength as the aluminum. If you want the shiny aluminum, then always use the chromate paste or equiv, if you want it to fly and last 100 years. I have riveted aluminum tunnels to steel frames in snowmobiles with just paint between them and they showed no sign of corrosion after 10 years. I use buck'd rivets, when you don't have blind hole or little corners. Just a rivet set and two hammers is good enough for this kind of caveman construction. Common AL rivets are sooo cheap when compared to good quality pop rivets. Get some Cleco's and have fun.
 
AussieJester said:
Could grease or one of the loctite variants be substituted in place of the Duralac Jeremy? Am i correct in assuming if aluminium has been anodized
electrolytic corrosion less of a concern when 'mating' the ali and steel? Or should insulating still be implemented.

KiM

Not sure about the effectiveness of grease or the Loctite stuff, but some types of paint do a reasonably good job if you're not living in a climate where condensation is a potential problem.

I built a big box trailer cover by riveting alloy sheet on to a 1" square, painted steel box frame and it was less than a year before the rivet holes corroded out badly, but then I live in a climate where alternating rain, cold, warm and dry weather is the norm. Walking into this trailer some mornings was like going into a rain forest, with condensation dripping off the roof inside..............

The Mk2 trailer was built with polyurethane car body adhesive/sealant between the panels and the frame (and had insulation added to keep the condensation down). The car body adhesive was great, that trailer is over 10 years old and still looks like new. The polyurethane adhesive also made the structure more damped and solid feeling and could probably have been used on its own to bond the parts together (aeroplanes have been made like this). It came in 300ml sealant gun tubes from the local auto parts stockist, under the brand name Tiger Seal, but smelled and looked like Sikaflex (except it was a lot cheaper, being a non-marine product).

I'd sort of assumed (maybe wrongly) that Costa Rica might be a bit challenging in terms of corrosion, as I guess the wet season tends to be very wet for long period and warm at the same time, both conditions that tend to accelerate corrosion, hence the zinc chromate suggestion. Over here a tube of Duralac is around $10, BTW, so relatively expensive but it does go a long way, as only a smear is needed.

If it were me making a bike this way I think I'd probably use the PU adhesive/sealant, primarily because it will bond the joint and tend to damp out noise from travelling through the structure a fair bit. This was really noticeable on the Mk2 trailer; when I was building it it was less like working in a big biscuit tin than the first attempt.

I agree with Gordo that bucked rivets are dirt cheap and strong. I'm a lazy sod though, so tend to use pop rivets (usually stainless steel ones, only because I inherited a big sack of them). These do the job OK on the sort of sheet thickness's we're likely to use, where the rivet strength is very rarely the limiting strength factor, the hole in the sheet is. The same is true of the majority of bolted joints, too, BTW. Bigger bolts are often used for higher loads not because the extra bolt strength is needed, but because the bigger hole massively increases the bearing stress limit in the material being joined.

Jeremy
 
Now that's more up my alley. A couple of coats of primer with zinc in the paint on the steel, poly glue and rivets only at the edges. Quiet is important to me, probably making glue better overall, especially since I'll have to put enough steel that I don't count on the skin for strength, just to add rigidity. Poly glue will fill gaps to some extent, getting me out of the range of fit perfection needed for riveting, which should reduce my metal work and grinder corrections pretty significantly.

If I can find AL flat sheet again (I knew I should have bought more the one time I saw it), what minimum thickness do you guys recommend? Metric and Imperial, since I don't know how they quote sheet metal thickness here. If I remember correctly, last time I scored 1mm AL.

John
 
Around 0.9mm to 1.2mm should be OK (about 20g to 18g in US units). I skinned the big box trailer with 1.2mm and it was fine, but I did stiffen it up by glueing 1" thick polystyrene insulation sheets to it between the frames. For the sort of spacing you have between frames I think you could get away with even thinner sheet, but, rather perversely, thin sheet tends to cost more than it's weight would suggest. Generally, 18g/1.2mm is about the thinnest, commonly available sheet from most everyday metal factors.

If you can get hold of 6061-T6 or 6082-T6 sheet then you'll find it a lot stronger and less likely to get dented/damaged, plus it's pretty corrosion resistant. It tends to be more pricey than ordinary pure aluminium (something like 1020), which is what I expect you'll end up with (unless you strike lucky somewhere).

Jeremy
 
Thanks for the great info. Let me see how the first 2 go with very thin plywood and balsa outside of the steel skeleton. With just a layer of glass cloth on the inside that may be the best route for me, since I have experience, and over and bonded to a steel skeleton it will be quite strong.
 
John in CR said:
Thanks for the great info. Let me see how the first 2 go with very thin plywood and balsa outside of the steel skeleton. With just a layer of glass cloth on the inside that may be the best route for me, since I have experience, and over and bonded to a steel skeleton it will be quite strong.

Good plan. I think you'll be impressed how strong balsa gets with a bit of thin glass cloth and resin either side. It certainly impressed me when I made up some test samples for the first time - I just couldn't believe how stiff and strong a bit of 1/4" balsa sheet with very thin woven glass cloth on either side was.

Jeremy
 
1/4" balsa with glass isn't what I had in mind. Here's a shot of the piece of balsa lumber I plan to fit between the top tube pair of steel strips. The welding electrode is in the pic for scale, but this piece is about 3.25"x5.25". I plan to split in half for 1.5"+ and carve it to a bit flatter than half round. Shape it to fit the steel and cover the end grain of the plywood at the side. Then impregnate the balsa and plywood with epoxy only on the exterior plus a second top coat of epoxy. I'll keep the glass on the inside to keep the finish work to a minimum. If I could figure out a way to secure things like the headset I'm sure with epoxy and a bit of glass I could leave the steel out of the equation and build a balsa bike. :mrgreen:
Balsa for top tube.JPG
 
Balsa logs like that would cost an arm and a leg over here!

It would be really neat to carve a bike frame from solid balsa, then glass/epoxy it to get the needed strength. I wouldn't mind betting that it'd end up much stiffer and stronger than a conventional welded/brazed steel tube frame. You could get some really nice shapes into the parts, too, plus it wouldn't exactly be hard work to carve and sand to shape. Sounds like the sort of thing AJ should take on for his next build, as he seems to have an artistic eye when it comes to making nicely shaped bikes

One trick to cut down on finishing time I've found is to use peel ply - basically thin nylon or dacron fabric laid on top of the final epoxy coat on the outside and squeegeed down into the resin. The peel ply is pulled off once the resin has cured. This gets rid of most of the pin holes that make prepping for paint such a pain, plus it leaves a nice, slightly rough but fair surface that doesn't take much work to get paint-ready. I use off cuts of aircraft covering dacron I get for free as peel ply, but a friend has found that cheap nylon sheets work OK. The proper stuff is expensive................

Jeremy
 
Balsa is a neat wood, the strongest and stiffest by weight other than maybe Paulownia, and I nearly fell over myself running to Harold's place when he said he had a 20"+ diameter balsa tree for me. The problem with balsa is that it's not tough at all due to the very short grain fibers. The sawdust is like cotton when cut with a chainsaw as it pulls the fibers more than cutting them cleanly. Even with epoxy and fiberglass I'd worry about high stress connections like the headset set in it, because I believe the very short grains near the connection would start to compress in use and it would become loose. I think of it like setting a basketball pole in concrete in a 4ft thick block of styrofoam. At first everything would be fine, but once the little styrofoam balls around the concrete start to compress from small vibrations, it would become loose.

I think the way I plan to use the balsa on these bikes will add a lot of structural integrity to the frame. The steel will be strong in line with the bike, but laterally that thin steel will be like spaghetti. With thick balsa set in between the parallel strips of steel to about 3/8" deep and epoxied in place with one interior glass cloth layer for insurance, I believe the frame will become very stiff. The balsa and plywood will keep the steel in line with the bike, so I can take advantage of the steel's strength in its strongest plane. As long as I don't get carried away adding more material than necessary, especially steel at the critical connections, I think I should end up with a pretty light but strong bikes with cavernous space for batteries.

John
 
Maybe you know about this stuff, maybe you don't? It has been around for 40+ years. I used a lot in my 37' boat 38 years ago. You can get even more info by google "balsa core." This is the effective method of getting strength out of fluffywood.

http://www.jamestowndistributors.com/userportal/show_product.do?pid=1592
 
I'm pretty sure balsa wood's been around a bit longer than 40 years. ;)

Nah, I know what you meant though. Laminates are a great way to build on the differing strengths of diverse materials.
 
I'm pretty sure that using end-grain balsa as a sandwich core was first used, at least with synthetic composites some time in the 1950's or 60's, when fibreglass first started to be used commercially, so people probably got to see it around 40 to 50 years ago. It's the best way to use balsa in terms of getting maximum strength from a laminate, for sure, as the core needs a strong compressive strength to hold the load-bearing skins apart. The problems with it in boat building all stem from the challenge of getting a good resin bond to the end grain and stopping water getting in and rotting the core.

Where you don't need that sheet laminate strength, perhaps because you're building a stiffness-limited, not strength-limited structure, you can use the technique of making a complex carved or planked shape from something like balsa for ease of building and getting fair three D curves, accepting that the core compressive strength wont be as high as if you used it with the grain aligned perpendicular to the surface.

I've built quite a few things in a similar way, but using carved and sanded extruded (not expanded) polystyrene insulation foam as the core. This stuff is easy to carve and sand to shape and very light. It also makes for very stiff, fairly strong structures when glassed up. I've often thought about making a monocoque bike like John's, but using just carved foam. I'd planned to carve big holes inside the main structure for things like the battery, lining them inside with epoxy/glass to regain the lost stiffness. I may get around to it one day, but in the meantime I'll sit back and see how John's project goes.

Jeremy
 
Jeremy Harris said:
I've built quite a few things in a similar way, but using carved and sanded extruded (not expanded) polystyrene insulation foam as the core. This stuff is easy to carve and sand to shape and very light. It also makes for very stiff, fairly strong structures when glassed up. I've often thought about making a monocoque bike like John's, but using just carved foam. I'd planned to carve big holes inside the main structure for things like the battery, lining them inside with epoxy/glass to regain the lost stiffness. I may get around to it one day, but in the meantime I'll sit back and see how John's project goes.

Jeremy
That's how I planned to build my current cruiser, but decided to use light weight tubes instead. What inspired me to consider that method of construction were the rally Escorts of the '70s, which had their door cavities etc filled with expanding foam to increase the strength. Ford reckoned about 500% increase.

Cheers,
GT
 
Laminate strength is a significant portion of my thought process for these frames. At the perimeter of the 2 triangle shapes, the main bulk of the frame and the tail, I will end up with two 3mm thick steel surfaces laminated over epoxy impregnated balsa and one end grain layer of fiberglass which also bonds the balsa to the steel. There will also be cross pieces of steel between the 2 steel laminates. The steel perimeter will be joined by a number of steel strips turning it into much smaller triangles. Then over the steel will be a layer of 3 or 4mm epoxy impregnated plywood bonded on to the steel with an interior layer of expoxy/fiberglass cloth.

I'm sure the bikes will be nice and strong. My main concern is at the headset and distributing those forces to the frame. I hope to have the steel section of one of the headset areas welded up and ready for you guys to sign off that I'm thinking things through adequately.

John
 
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